Editing CO2 Shipping (section)

== Physical Properties and Phases ==
The CO<sub>2</sub> phase diagram includes two points that are central to ship transport design:
* '''Triple point''': below this temperature/pressure combination, CO<sub>2</sub> cannot exist as a liquid and will form solid (“dry ice”).<ref name="NISTSpanWagner">Span & Wagner (NIST), “A New Equation of State for Carbon Dioxide …” </ref>
* '''Critical point''': above this temperature/pressure, CO<sub>2</sub> becomes a supercritical fluid; below it, CO<sub>2</sub> can be transported as a compressed liquid if temperature and pressure are appropriately controlled.<ref name="ABSCO2Requirements">ABS, ''Requirements for Liquefied Carbon Dioxide Carriers'' (2025).</ref>

'''Insert phase diagram with overview of low, medium and high'''

'''Typical shipping temperature/pressure regimes.''' Industry guidance commonly discusses more than one “standard” operating band, reflecting trade-offs between refrigeration duty, tank wall thickness, and cargo density. For early CCS shipping, two common cryogenic bands are often cited: approximately 5.5–7 bar(g) at around -50 °C (“low pressure”) and ~15–18 bar(g) at around -30 °C (“medium pressure”), with some projects also considering closer-to-ambient transport linked to ship-to-offshore offloading concepts.<ref name="ZEPPTBands">ZEP/CCSA (2022)</ref><ref name="GCCSIShippingProspects"/>