Editing CO2 Shipping (section)

== History ==
CO₂ has been shipped by sea since the late 1980s, initially using converted dry cargo vessels for short-haul European supply to the food and beverage sector.<ref name="ClarksonsIntro"/><ref name="LarvikAbout">Larvik Shipping, “About us”. </ref>

Through the 2000s–2010s, studies evaluated CO₂ shipping as a CCS transport mode, including design conditions (pressure/temperature), terminal concepts, and costs.<ref name="IEAGHG2004">IEAGHG, ''Ship Transport of CO₂'' (2004).</ref>

In the mid-2020s, large, purpose-built LCO₂ carriers began entering service to support CCS hub-and-spoke models (e.g., Northern Lights/Longship), with dedicated vessels and terminals designed for multi-user CO₂ logistics.<ref name="NorlightsPioneer">Northern Lights, “Northern Lights' first CO₂ transport ship ready for delivery” (Nov 2024).</ref><ref name="ReutersNL">Reuters, “Shell, Equinor, TotalEnergies open Norwegian CO₂ storage facility” (Sep 2024).</ref>