Editing CO2 Shipping (section)

== Safety and Risk Management ==
CO<sub>2</sub> is a relatively safe substance to transport in comparison with other flammable or combustible materials. SIGTTO produced a chart shown the potential hazard pathways applicable and not applicable to CO<sub>2</sub>. CO<sub>2</sub> is not without hazard, however

SIGTTO CHART

CO<sub>2</sub> is non-flammable, but LCO<sub>2</sub> shipping presents distinct hazards including:
* '''asphyxiation''' (CO<sub>2</sub> is denser than air and can accumulate in low-lying or confined spaces),
* '''toxicity''' (if contaminants such as H<sub>2</sub>S are present),
* '''cryogenic injury and cold burns''' (from cold surfaces, jets, or dry ice particles),
* '''embrittlement/structural damage''' (localised sub-zero temperatures during rapid depressurisation),
* '''overpressure/relief events''' (heat ingress, boil-off, or operational upsets), and
* '''marine risks''' (collision/grounding, hose/arm release, mooring failure).<ref name="ZEPSafetyHazards">ZEP/CCSA (2022) discusses CO₂ accumulating in low points creating asphyxia hazard, and describes leakage depressurisation leading to Joule–Thomson cooling, potential steel embrittlement, and solid CO₂ particle formation with inhalation risks.</ref>