Editing CO2 Shipping (section)

== Overview ==
'''CO<sub>2</sub> shipping''' is the transport of [[Carbon dioxide|CO<sub>2</sub>]] in a refrigerated, pressurised liquid state using specialised marine tankers (often referred to as liquefied CO<sub>2</sub> (LCO<sub>2</sub>) carriers). It has used at small scale to supply food, beverage, and industrial gas markets in the North Sea, and is now being developed at larger scale as part of value chains that connect dispersed emitters to regional storage hubs.<ref name="ClarksonsIntro">Clarksons, “Liquid CO₂ carriage by sea: An introduction”.<br/>Key points include: need for pressure + refrigeration (avoid dry ice), history of shipping since late 1980s, and indicative vessel fleet/capacities.</ref><ref name="ZEPExec">ZEP/CCSA, ''Guidance for CO₂ transport by ship'' (March 2022)</ref>

Ship transport is often considered when:
* multiple capture sites need to connect to a common storage location,
* offshore transport between capture and storage locations is required, or
* volumes are modest/variable and flexibility is valued compared with fixed pipelines.<ref name="GCCSIShippingProspects">Global CCS Institute, ''Needs, Opportunities and Prospects for CO₂ Shipping in CCS Projects'' (Nov 2025).</ref>